Middle Bank sources: official documents, research and image credits

The publications, official portals and credited materials used on this website, gathered in one place. Start with official records, then explore the science and the voices informing the debate.

Official records are listed first. Research, commissioned documents, journalism and advocacy are labelled separately. Citation does not imply endorsement or legal approval.

Image credits updated 25 October 2026. Original publication dates and existing evidence qualifications are retained; this is not a new legal-status review.

Official planning and state publications

Planning notices and dated state communications. These are not substitutes for gazette instruments or approval letters.

Buletin Mutiara. (2025, November 19). 槟政府重视中途滩生态保护 孙达拉祖：宪报需策略推进 [State response on Middle Bank ecological protection and gazettement].
https://www.buletinmutiara.com/%E6%A7%9F%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%87%8D%E8%A7%86%E4%B8%AD%E9%80%94%E6%BB%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4/
An official statement describes the state’s position and impediments to proceeding with gazettement at that time.
A dated policy statement is not a gazette instrument. It does not verify the current legal status or every associated project approval.

Buletin Mutiara. (2026, May 8). Penang to decide on Jelutong landfill rehabilitation after EIA rejection, says exco man. https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-decide-on-jelutong-landfill-rehabilitation-after-eia-rejection-says-exco-man/
https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-decide-on-jelutong-landfill-rehabilitation-after-eia-rejection-says-exco-man/
The official state outlet reports Jason H’ng Mooi Lye’s account that DOE rejected the EIA application on 2 March 2026 and that the proponent subsequently resubmitted updated technical details. As of 8 May, the state had not decided whether to continue or stop the project.
A dated report of an official statement, not the DOE decision letter. It does not identify the publicly mirrored EIA as the rejected or resubmitted version and does not establish the project’s current status. Read the later 13 August account alongside it.

Vimal, K. (2026, August 13). Penang prioritises legal compliance before deciding on Jelutong Landfill project. Buletin Mutiara. https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-prioritises-legal-compliance-before-deciding-on-jelutong-landfill-project/
https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-prioritises-legal-compliance-before-deciding-on-jelutong-landfill-project/
Chief Minister Chow Kon Yeow’s statement says proceeding remains subject to EIA approval and legal requirements. The report also records an extension of time until 18 October 2026. An extension and an environmental approval are different decisions.
This is the state’s reported position on 13 August, not an approval instrument or a live status feed. Neither the EOT document nor a later DOE decision was verified for this edition. The report’s separate discussion of Penang Gateway must not be treated as a mapped finding about Middle Bank.

PLANMalaysia. (2026). Kajian Rancangan Struktur Negeri Pulau Pinang 2040 (Kajian Semula) peringkat laporan draf akhir [Publicity and public participation notice for the final draft of the Penang State Structure Plan 2040 review]. ePublisiti 2.0.
https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/epublisiti/article?id=978ee570-95f0-11f1-8ca8-005056b167b0
The official notice establishes the final-draft publicity and public participation period, 10 August–9 September 2026, and links the draft planning documents.
This consultation period has closed. The notice is not proof of an adopted plan, a project approval or sanctuary gazettement. Specific planning clauses and map boundaries require review of the complete official draft; a supplied extract alone cannot authenticate them.

Institutional publications and specialist references

Reports, botanical references and conservation assessments from their originating institutions. Their purposes and geographic coverage differ.

Seagrass-Watch. (n.d.). What is seagrass? Retrieved October 18, 2026, from https://www.seagrasswatch.org/seagrass/
https://www.seagrasswatch.org/seagrass/
Botanical background on seagrasses, their distinction from seaweeds and intertidal habitat. Used for general learning, not local measurements.
An educational reference, not a Middle Bank field survey. Global numerical comparisons and thresholds on the source page are not adopted here.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (n.d.). Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved October 18, 2026, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:160634-3/general-information
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:160634-3/general-information
Accepted botanical name and regional flora descriptions of Enhalus, including long leaves and separate rhizome measurements.
A botanical reference, not a measurement of Middle Bank plants. It does not corroborate the report’s 1.5 m root-depth claim or a global size superlative.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2008). An introduction to the basic concepts of food security. https://www.fao.org/4/al936e/al936e00.pdf
https://www.fao.org/4/al936e/al936e00.pdf
A framework for understanding food availability, access, utilisation and stability over time.
Conceptual guidance, not a Penang household survey or a measurement of seafood supply, prices or nutrition.
Four dimensions · p. 1
https://www.fao.org/4/al936e/al936e00.pdf#page=1

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2015). Voluntary guidelines for securing sustainable small-scale fisheries in the context of food security and poverty eradication. https://www.fao.org/4/i4356en/I4356EN.pdf
https://www.fao.org/4/i4356en/I4356EN.pdf
Guidance on equitable access, participation, livelihoods and the people who handle, process and trade fish.
Voluntary guidance, not Malaysian legislation, a sanctuary zoning decision or a survey of Penang households. Local rules and impacts require their own evidence.
Access and consultation · paragraphs 5.7–5.10, p. 6 / PDF p. 20
https://www.fao.org/4/i4356en/I4356EN.pdf#page=20
Post-harvest participation and safe products · paragraphs 7.1–7.3, pp. 10–11 / PDF pp. 24–25
https://www.fao.org/4/i4356en/I4356EN.pdf#page=24

Yasin, Z. (2022, January 14). Tebing Tengah: Lindung laut buat masa depan. Penang Institute. https://penanginstitute.org/publications/suara-nadi/tebing-tengah-lindung-laut-buat-masa-depan/
https://penanginstitute.org/publications/suara-nadi/tebing-tengah-lindung-laut-buat-masa-depan/
A Malay-language public essay by marine scientist Zulfigar Yasin records the local place-name Tebing Tengah and describes the bank’s coastal setting and connections with marine life and fishing communities. It supports the name used alongside Middle Bank on this website.
An institutional public essay, not a legal boundary instrument, current census or peer-reviewed impact assessment. The place-name does not define the proposed sanctuary’s legal extent; numerical claims require their own evidence and dates.

Yasin, Z., Tan, A. S. H., Lee, A., Woo, S. P., & Razali, N. (2023). Protecting Penang’s marine biodiversity: Establishing the Middle Bank Marine Sanctuary (MBMS). Penang Institute.
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf
The institutional report describes location, habitats and community uses, and compiles 429 biodiversity entries across eleven groups. Field surveys ran from October 2021 to March 2022; some records draw on wider, longer-term research.
A historical inventory compiled from long-term research and the 2021–2022 surveys, not a 2026 census. Bird records include surrounding coastal areas; mammal and turtle records include wider Penang waters. Fish rows 96 and 97 repeat Plicofollis platystomus, so the reported total is not a deduplicated species count. Sanctuary and meadow areas differ, and some habitat-area text and percentages require reconciliation.
Inventory totals · report p. 36 / PDF p. 37
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=37
Mapped areas · Figure 6-1, report p. 16 / PDF p. 17
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=17
Fishing and community uses · report pp. 8–9 / PDF pp. 9–10
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=9

Lavery, P. S., Lafratta, A., Nair, D., Ponnampalam, L., Ng, J. E., Fairul Izmal, J. H., Serrano, O., & Masqué, P. (2023). Blue carbon opportunities: Seagrass carbon storage and accumulation rates at Johor and Penang, Malaysia. Edith Cowan University and The MareCet Research Organization. https://doi.org/10.25958/zfxg-0y62
https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks2022-2026/3187/
A Malaysian technical assessment provides original information relevant to seagrass carbon storage and accumulation.
A technical report, not a journal article. Sampling conditions, core depth and spatial coverage must be reviewed before extrapolating any figures to the meadow or sanctuary.

BirdLife International. (2024). Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis species factsheet [Global IUCN Red List assessment, 2024]. BirdLife DataZone. Retrieved October 14, 2026.
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/far-eastern-curlew-numenius-madagascariensis
The 2024 global assessment lists the Far Eastern Curlew as Endangered. This migratory shorebird depends on connected coastal feeding and resting habitats across its flyway.
A global extinction-risk category does not establish current Middle Bank abundance, visit frequency or a local population trend. The monograph’s local occurrence records and the global assessment answer different questions.

IUCN SSC Horseshoe Crab Specialist Group. (n.d.). IUCN SSC Horseshoe Crab Specialist Group. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved October 14, 2026.
https://iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-horseshoe-crab-specialist-group
The specialist group lists the coastal horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas, and mangrove horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, as globally Data Deficient. Both appear in the Middle Bank report.
Data Deficient means evidence is insufficient to assess global extinction risk; it does not mean secure. The monograph describes local decline and uses “critically endangered here”. That wording is not a global IUCN Critically Endangered classification for these two species.

Peer-reviewed original research

Journal articles with DOI links. Research elsewhere explains mechanisms; it does not supply measured Middle Bank outcomes.

Martin, B. C., Bougoure, J., Ryan, M. H., Bennett, W. W., Colmer, T. D., Joyce, N. K., Olsen, Y. S., & Kendrick, G. A. (2019). Oxygen loss from seagrass roots coincides with colonisation of sulphide-oxidising cable bacteria and reduces sulphide stress. The ISME Journal, 13, 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0308-5
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0308-5
Experiments link oxygen near growing root tips with local sulfide oxidation and associated bacteria.
Two seagrasses studied outside Middle Bank; root-tip effects do not demonstrate whole-seabed sulfide removal.

Nordlund, L. M., Unsworth, R. K. F., Gullström, M., & Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2018). Global significance of seagrass fishery activity. Fish and Fisheries, 19(3), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12259
https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12259
Original research using a global expert survey documents the variety of fishing activities associated with seagrass habitats.
An expert-survey study across locations, not a local catch census. Its findings do not quantify Middle Bank’s landings, household dependence or habitat-specific production.

Teoh, V. Y. J., & Woo, S. P. (2022). Two new species of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the seagrass meadow of Penang, Malaysia. Zootaxa, 5128(1), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.6
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.6
Original taxonomic research illustrates how Penang’s seagrass habitats contribute to scientific discovery.
A species description is not a population survey. Newly described does not necessarily mean endemic, abundant or restricted to Middle Bank.

Reidenbach, M. A., & Thomas, E. L. (2018). Influence of the seagrass, Zostera marina, on wave attenuation and bed shear stress within a shallow coastal bay. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00397
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00397
Field research in Virginia examines vegetation, wave attenuation and sediment-related flow processes. It supports explaining mechanisms and their dependence on conditions.
Different species, climate and coastal setting. Its numerical results must not be presented as measured protection or predictive values for Penang.

Gallagher, J. B., Prahalad, V., & Aalders, J. (2021). Inorganic and black carbon hotspots constrain blue carbon mitigation services across tropical seagrass and temperate tidal marshes. Wetlands, 41, Article 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01460-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01460-3
Research on carbon accounting demonstrates why total sediment carbon alone is insufficient to establish a climate mitigation service.
Accounting assumptions and sampled ecosystems need careful interpretation. No whole-sanctuary offset or annual sequestration estimate is inferred here.

Peer-reviewed evidence analyses

Evidence synthesis and policy analysis are distinguished from original field studies.

Unsworth, R. K. F., Nordlund, L. M., & Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2019). Seagrass meadows support global fisheries production. Conservation Letters, 12(1), e12566. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12566
https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12566
A peer-reviewed policy perspective analyses global evidence on nursery habitats, fishing grounds and food-web connections supporting fisheries.
Published online in 2018 and in the 2019 journal volume. A global analysis, not a Middle Bank production estimate. Seagrass use does not establish obligatory dependence or recruitment to adult catches for every species.
Nursery habitat, fishing grounds and food-web support · sections 2–5
https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12566

Project documents and public mirrors

A proponent-commissioned consultant report. Public access through a mirror does not authenticate a current approved version.

YES Bizs Sdn. Bhd. (2025). Environmental impact assessment for proposed landfill rehabilitation and land reclamation works for mixed development at Seksyen 8, Bandar Jelutong, Daerah Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang [Proponent-commissioned EIA; version made publicly available on 12 February 2025 during the public feedback period; public mirror]. Prepared for PLB Engineering Berhad. https://github.com/field05/PLB-EIA-Report
https://github.com/field05/PLB-EIA-Report
The version used here was made publicly available on 12 February 2025 during the public feedback period. The consultant’s report describes 90 acres of landfill rehabilitation and 70 acres of reclamation. It assesses sediment and marine impacts, concluding “slight impact” for seagrass under its mitigation scenario. Authorship is identified on p. 1.3; relevant sections include pp. 5.1, 6.35, 7.224 and 7.230.
Commissioned by the proponent, not a peer-reviewed study or verified current government-approved version. Predictions assume 70% silt-curtain efficiency and use dated inputs. Tables 5.9 and 5.15 give inconsistent fill volumes/material descriptions. A 500 m land-use study radius is not a verified ecological buffer; location at “middle banks” does not establish mapped seagrass overlap. Boundary, baseline, cumulative-impact and monitoring assumptions require independent review.
Areas · Chapter 5, Table 5.1, p. 5.1
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/field05/PLB-EIA-Report/main/10.%20PLB%20-%20Chp%205.pdf#page=1
Conditional impact category · Chapter 7, p. 7.224
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/field05/PLB-EIA-Report/main/12.%20PLB%20-%20Chp%207.pdf#page=224
Receptor and 70% assumption · Chapter 7, p. 7.230
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/field05/PLB-EIA-Report/main/12.%20PLB%20-%20Chp%207.pdf#page=230
Public availability on 12 February 2025 · Malaysiakini report, 21 March 2025
https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/737898

Expert letters and reported interviews

Attributed expert assessments published by news organisations; distinguished from peer-reviewed research and official decisions.

Tan, A. S. H. (2025, April 9). Conservation of Middle Bank Marine Sanctuary [Letter to the editor]. The Star.
https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2025/04/09/conservation-of-middle-bank-marine-sanctuary
The author’s account of ecological services, the sanctuary initiative and observed seagrass stress.
A dated expert letter, not a local wave-attenuation measurement or proof that an irreversible ecological threshold has been crossed.

Zhang, C. (2025, March 21). Jelutong reclamation risks vital ecosystem, it’s not the only threat. Malaysiakini.
https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/737898
Reported assessments by Aileen Tan and Jillian Ooi on project boundaries, sedimentation and restoration. Also records when the EIA became publicly available.
Interview reporting is not a surveyed habitat-loss estimate. The reported restoration percentage has no underlying dataset or success definition identified in the article.

Community statements and public action

Sources for campaign positions and requests, rather than independent scientific findings or government decisions.

Protect Karpal Singh Drive Action Committee. (2026, September). Penang’s marine sanctuary plan undermined by structure plan’s reclamation clause. Aliran.
https://m.aliran.com/civil-society-voices/penangs-marine-sanctuary-plan-undermined-by-structure-plans-reclamation-clause
A published community position calls for gazettement and discusses concerns about the draft planning framework.
Evidence of the committee’s position, not independent validation of every scientific or planning claim. The cited September 2026 consultation deadline has passed.

Protect Karpal Singh Drive Campaign. (n.d.). Middle Bank sanctuary at risk: Reclamation vs. science. Retrieved October 14, 2026, from https://protect-middle-bank.pages.dev/ecosystem
https://protect-middle-bank.pages.dev/ecosystem
The campaign raises ecological concerns about nearby reclamation and calls for protection, independent assessment and consideration of rehabilitation without reclamation.
An advocacy interpretation, not an independent assessment or current approval record. Campaign map annotations do not establish legal or habitat boundaries. Its quantitative claims require checking against the original reports.

Protect Penang’s Middle Bank: Stop reclamation & gazette a marine sanctuary now [Public petition]. (n.d.). Change.org. https://www.change.org/p/protect-penang-s-middle-bank-stop-reclamation-gazette-a-marine-sanctuary-now
https://www.change.org/p/protect-penang-s-middle-bank-stop-reclamation-gazette-a-marine-sanctuary-now
The public petition linked from the site’s action page. Read its requests on the original platform.
A civic action, not evidence of gazettement, approval or a scientific assessment. Signature totals are not reproduced here.

UN Sustainable Development Goals

Official definitions and targets used to explain the initiative’s aims; not evidence of endorsement or measured local outcomes.

United Nations. (n.d.). Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11
Promoting sustainable coastal development and strengthening community resilience through the protection of valuable coastal ecosystems.
These are the initiative’s areas of alignment with the SDGs; they do not imply United Nations endorsement or certification.

United Nations. (n.d.). Goal 13: Climate Action. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13
Raising awareness of the role of seagrass ecosystems in carbon storage, coastal protection and climate resilience.
These are the initiative’s areas of alignment with the SDGs; they do not imply United Nations endorsement or certification.

United Nations. (n.d.). Goal 14: Life Below Water. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14
Supporting the conservation of Middle Bank’s seagrass habitats, marine biodiversity and coastal ecological systems.
These are the initiative’s areas of alignment with the SDGs; they do not imply United Nations endorsement or certification.

Official contact and institutional portals

These are the routes linked from the participation page. A contact directory is not evidence of a project decision. Check the receiving body’s remit and current procedures before writing.

PLANMalaysia Pulau Pinang · Contact directory
https://jpbd.penang.gov.my/index.php/hubungi-kami

PLANMalaysia Pulau Pinang · Development planning division
https://jpbd.penang.gov.my/index.php/mengenai-pmpp/fungsi-jabatan/bahagian-rancangan-pembangunan-projek-khas

Department of Environment · Penang directory
https://www.doe.gov.my/en/penang-state-directory/

Penang State Government · Contact directory
https://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/hubungikami?lang=ms

Penang State Government · ePINTAS
https://epintas.penang.gov.my/

Penang Institute · Contact directory
https://penanginstitute.org/contact-us/

CEMACS · Universiti Sains Malaysia
https://cemacs.usm.my/

Image and map provenance

Credits for every source-image asset, including photographs and supplied map adaptations. The owner confirmed publication permission; this does not grant visitors a general reuse licence. Assets without an external source are explicitly identified.

sea-to-table.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/sea-to-table/sea-to-table-original.png

save-seagrasses.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/seagrass-poster/save-seagrasses-original.png

food-security.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/food-poster/food-security-original.png

429_diversity.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/biodiversity-poster/429-diversity-original.png

Pulau-Gazumbo.jpg
Penang Institute / CEMACS, 2023; embedded image-provider credits retained
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=5
/assets/report/gazumbo-original.jpg

location-middle-bank.png
Adapted from Penang Institute / CEMACS Figure 5-1 (2023, p. 9); landmarks added in the supplied image; Google Earth / TerraMetrics attribution retained
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=10
/assets/report/location-middle-bank.png

green forefront-around-Pulau-Gazumbo-at-low-tide.jpg
Penang Institute / CEMACS, 2023; embedded image-provider credits retained
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=13
/assets/report/meadow-original.jpg

Aquaculture-cages-near-the-Jelutong-coastline.jpg
Penang Institute / CEMACS, 2023; embedded image-provider credits retained
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=16
/assets/report/aquaculture-original.jpg

mud-whelk.jpg
Penang Institute / CEMACS, 2023; embedded image-provider credits retained
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=32
/assets/report/whelk-original.jpg

Euthyonidiella-zulfigaris.jpg
Penang Institute / CEMACS, 2023; embedded image-provider credits retained
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=35
/assets/report/cucumber-original.jpg

2040map_location.png
Location detail adapted from the Pelan 6.1 planning map / PLANMalaysia
https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/epublisiti/article?id=978ee570-95f0-11f1-8ca8-005056b167b0
/assets/report/2040map_location.png

Legeng_middle_bank.png
Planning-map legend supplied by the project owner / PLANMalaysia
https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/epublisiti/article?id=978ee570-95f0-11f1-8ca8-005056b167b0
/assets/report/sanctuary-legend.png

Penang2040_middle_bank.png
Supplied Pelan 6.1 planning extract / PLANMalaysia
https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/epublisiti/article?id=978ee570-95f0-11f1-8ca8-005056b167b0
/assets/report/plan-context-original.png

middle-bank.webp
The Star, Paradise exposed
https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2024/08/27/paradise-exposed
/assets/gallery/hero-original.webp

middle-bank2.jpg
host.forward.edu.my (supplied source)
https://host.forward.edu.my/pm_storage/public/15816/sea1.jpg
/assets/gallery/homeDetail-original.jpg

seagrass.png
Penang Monthly
https://old.penangmonthly.com/article/20517/middle-bank-a-marine-sanctuary-to-enrich-the-future
/assets/gallery/seagrass-original.png

middle-bank3.jpg
Andrew Han / Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1498905597085509/user/756525549
/assets/gallery/gallery3-original.jpg

middle-bank4.jpg
Andrew Han / Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1498905597085509/user/756525549
/assets/gallery/gallery4-original.jpg

Middle_Bank-and-the-proposed-reclamation-site-in-redline.png
Annotated replacement supplied by the project owner; underlying Middle Bank map: Penang Institute / CEMACS Figure 5-1; Google Earth / TerraMetrics
https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Monograph_MBMS.pdf#page=10
/assets/threats/campaignMap-original.png

karpal_singh_drive_reclamation.png
Protect Karpal Singh Drive campaign; underlying image credits retained
https://protect-middle-bank.pages.dev/images/karpal_singh_drive_reclamation.png
/assets/threats/projectMap-original.png

middle_bank.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/ai-hero/desktop-original.png

middle_bank_mobile.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/ai-hero/mobile-original.png

BIodiversity_desktop.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/biodiversity-hero/desktop-original.png

biodiversity_mobile.png
AI-generated illustration; supplied by the project owner; not a field photograph
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/biodiversity-hero/mobile-original.png

paranoma.png
Image supplied by the project owner; photographer and external source not specified
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/home/panorama-original.png

dolphin.jpeg
KP Song
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/wildlife/dolphin-original.jpeg

middle-bank-penang-bridge.png
Image supplied by the project owner; external photographer/source not specified
No external source specified by the supplier.
/assets/discover/bridge-original.png

Website standards and reuse references

Standards and licence references used in the website’s accessibility and educational-text policies, rather than ecological evidence.

W3C · Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2
https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/

Creative Commons · Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/